By Nicholas – member of the Western Rite Vicariate, a part of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese in America
Bad Theology leads to bad actions which often produce horrific tragedies. We could give many examples of this from the horrific slaughter of the wars of the Protestant Reformation, to ‘Christian’ Zionism’s endless cycle of Middle Eastern Wars, to the human carnage caused by Liberation Theology in the Global South. Heresies have consequences. While all heresies are bad, one towers above most others in terms of its broad appeal, history of mass murder, and potential to end all human life as we know it. Let us consider Millennialism, a sort of foundational heresy for many of the others currently causing havoc in our world.
The heresy of Millennialism or Chiliasm (from the Greek) is a belief that a Messianic Age will be established on Earth prior to the Last Judgment and the future permanent state of eternity. A Kingdom of God on Earth. A perfect age. No sorrow. No suffering. No death. Christianity and Judaism have both produced messianic movements with such beliefs (though differing in the details such as the identity of the Messiah).
American Millennialism is split into two broad traditions. Premillennialism is the belief that Jesus’ Second Coming starts the Millennium. Postmillennialism, by contrast, teaches that Jesus will come after the Millennium has been started by an inspired mankind.
Of the two, historically speaking, Postmillennialism has been the most destructive. Why? Postmillennialists are not just patiently waiting for a messiah to show up and found a perfect kingdom. They are out there actively trying to build that kingdom for themselves. Postmillennialism, therefore, naturally goes hand-in-hand with Millenarianism or Millenarism:
Millenarianism is the belief that a religious, social, political, scientific / technological, or some other movement can, and will, succeed in carrying out a complete and fundamental transformation of society into a state of perfection. There are Christian, Jewish, and secular versions of this belief, and a whole of nuance.
Postmillennialism usually focuses on progressive and gradualist changes. Through material and spiritual progress, things will get better all the time until we reach the Kingdom of God on Earth. The term “Postmillennialism” is often paired with the term “Progressive.” The broad teachings are:
- People will actively work to improve society and remove suffering
- Christ will return after humans create a kingdom worthy of him
- The kingdom will last for a thousand years or indefinitely
- The kingdom will be achieved through divine guidance and a divine plan
Postmillennialism arrived in North America with the so-called ‘Pilgrims’ in Massachusetts. For the Puritans, “Millennialism” meant living a strictly religious life following God’s laws meticulously. They hoped to create a new society that perfectly reflected God’s will, and would be a precursor to the Millennial Kingdom described in the Bible. This was a serious religious endeavor, and one which they meant very much to serve as an example of righteousness for all mankind. That is the origin of the “city upon a hill” comment by John Winthrop.
Early on, the idea of the “city upon a hill” shifted from the Massachusetts Bay colony towards the United States as a whole. Both secular and religious strains of Millennialism in the 18th Century expressed a belief that the American Revolution was a necessary step toward the Millennium.
John Smith, a historian at Texas A&M University, wrote:
The millennialism of the revolutionary era was essentially divided between the secular variety and the post-millennial variety. Many of the Founders believed that they were—in Thomas Paine’s language—beginning the world anew with the Revolution, while the more religious believed that the War for Independence might herald the Millennium preceding Christ’s return. . . . The Founders who believed that their actions would spark the Millennium didn’t think that it would unfold literally, as predicted in the New Testament.
Revolutionary America was preparing the way for Christ’s return, building the perfect Enlightenment State, or maybe both. Many Americans of subsequent generations continued to see their nation as an instrument of God for the enlightenment of the world. A leading Presbyterian minister of the 1840s, Samuel H. Cox, told an English audience that “in America, the state of society is without parallel in universal history.…I really believe that God has got America within anchorage, and that upon that arena, He intends to display his prodigies for the millennium.”
Lincoln echoed this grandiose view of America as a model for the world when he delivered a message to Congress one month before signing the Emancipation Proclamation. In that speech, Lincoln remarked, “In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free – honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth.” Lincoln’s turn of phrase has since been quoted repeatedly by subsequent generations of American politicians.
American Postmillennialism gave rise to the original Karens, the spiritual, and often physical, descendants of the original Puritans. In an essay entitled “The Yankee Problem in America”, Clyde Wilson described them thusly:
“that peculiar ethnic group descended from New Englanders, who can easily be recognized by their arrogance, hypocrisy, greed, lack of congeniality, and penchant for ordering other people around . . . . they are the chosen saints whose mission is to make America and the world, into the perfection of their own image. . . . Yankee temperament, it should be noted, makes a neat fit with the Stalinism that was brought into the Deep North by later immigrants.
anything that stood in the way of American perfection must be eradicated . . . liquor, tobacco, the Catholic Church, the Masonic Order, meat-eating, marriage”
Economist Murray Rothbard described Yankees in his essay, “Just War”:
The North’s driving force, the ‘Yankees’ – that ethnocultural group who either lived in New England or migrated from there to upstate New York, northern and eastern Ohio, northern Indiana, and northern Illinois – had been swept by . . . a fanatical and emotional neo-Puritanism driven by a fervent ‘postmillennialism’ which held that as a precondition of the Second Advent of Jesus Christ, man must set up a thousand-year-Kingdom of God on Earth. The Kingdom is to be a perfect society. In order to be perfect, of course, this Kingdom must be free of sin . . . . If you didn’t stamp out sin by force you yourself would not be saved.
Long before there was public welfare, WOKE, DEI, and bossy public health officials, there was already a growing nanny state championed by Postmillennialist extremists bent on perfecting not only America, but also the entire world. No amount of force or compulsion is out of the question when pursuing such a holy mission. Unfortunately for Americans who wish to live peaceful and free lives, Postmillennialism has now practically merged with American patriotism. To be a proud American is to support murderous wars both abroad and at home (war on drugs, war on terror, war on antisemitism, war on Mexican cartels, war on COVID, war on WOKE, etc.) along with stifling levels of social control over all aspects of our lives.
The situation has gotten so dire, that America no longer has a ‘Yankee Problem.’
America has become a ‘Yankee problem’. We are the global Karen out to teach the entire world how to live.
Still trying to stamp out sin and promote righteousness, though the definitions of both have changed greatly since the Massachusetts Bay colony days. Hopefully we get out of this business altogether, instead of just redirecting the funding towards some other set of influence-buying projects.
American Postmillennialism might have started as a religious movement, but it didn’t stay that way. Progressive Postmillennialists became increasingly enamored of science. They endorsed Evolution, as the story of continuous progress towards greater and greater perfection fit neatly with their preferred social narrative. This caused them to abandon the Genesis account of Creation, and over time, more and more of the rest of the scriptures. Eventually a large number of them lost all supernatural faith entirely, becoming merely ‘progressives’ as opposed to ‘Progressive Postmillennialists’. But, if anything, the urge to perfect society through any means necessary grew even stronger in them. Once Christ was no longer part of their progressive faith, their ‘social gospel’ quickly morphed into highly-coercive ‘socialism’.
This is not a phenomenon confined to America. Many secular movements have been heavily influenced by Postmillennialism. Richard Landes, Professor of History and Director of the Center for Millennial Studies at Boston University, wrote:
Utopian and scientific traditions and radical democratic movements such as the French Revolution, radical socialism, and Marxism, as well as Nazism and, in a modified form, Zionism, can all be seen as secular millennial movements. In a sense, totalitarianism may have resulted from millennial movements that seized power, failed in their millennial hopes, and therefore “forced” the perfection of mankind.
The word totalitarian is often misused and misunderstood. Totalitarian is not the same as authoritarian. An authoritarian regime is not democratically elected and is not directly accountable to the people it governs. A totalitarian regime actively seeks to control every single aspect of your life: how you think, what you say, how you spend your leisure time, what you spend money on, what vices you can have, what sins you can commit. Authoritarian regimes, which are usually uninfected by the Postmillennial virus, are frequently way less intrusive on the daily lives of the populations they rule than are our modern, Western democracies. It turns out that if ruling elites give a population the illusion of choice and a sense of historic purpose, they can pretty much do anything they want.
Before leaving the topic of Postmillennialism, let us explore a subset of Millennialism called “Catastrophic Millennialism”. This is the belief that the current social order must be destroyed to make way for a new, perfect one. Unlike the Postmillennialists we have discussed before, who believe gradual social / scientific change will make all things new, Catastrophic Millennialists believe radical changes to society are only possible after a major cataclysm or other transformative event.
Among those who believe this are people, some of great wealth and power, who are actively trying to bring such a cataclysm about. Their philosophy is called “Accelerationism”:
Accelerationism is a range of revolutionary and reactionary ideas in left-wing and right-wing ideologies that call for the drastic intensification of capitalist growth, technological change, and other processes of social change to destabilize existing systems and create radical social transformations, otherwise referred to as “acceleration.” It has been regarded as an ideological spectrum divided into mutually contradictory left-wing and right-wing variants, both of which support the dramatic change of capitalism and its structures as well as the conditions for a technological singularity, a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible.
There really are people out there who want to burn the whole world down, so that they can ‘build back better’. Leveraging COVID and the War in Ukraine to wreck global economies and societies are examples of Accelerationism. The people doing the accelerating seem to have only a vague idea of the world they hope to build to replace the current one. Not having a plan for what comes after isn’t stopping them, however. It makes one nostalgic for old-fashioned, plain vanilla anarchists.
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Up till now, we have been focused on Postmillennialism as it has been the source of so much horror when compared to Premillennialism. Historically, the vast majority of Premillennialists have not been political. In their view, only the messiah could found the Millennial Kingdom. Therefore, Premillennialists largely focused on their own salvation and on preaching the Gospel to the lost. Unfortunately, the rise of Dispensationalism, with its belief in the ‘Rapture’, radically changed that.
Dispensationalism is a 19th Century heresy that is a dominant belief system among Evangelicals. Dispensationalists believe we are living in the End Times, and that we are watching Biblical prophecy fulfilled before our very eyes: founding of modern Israel in 1948, capture of Jerusalem by the Israeli army in the Six-Day War of 1967, the establishment of the US embassy in Jerusalem, etc. According to Dispensationalists, only two major things are left to accomplish. The first is to rebuild a Jewish temple on the Temple Mount where the Al-Aqsa mosque currently stands. The second is for Israel to have full control over all of Palestine, and maybe even substantially more territory currently belonging to neighboring countries.
What we have seen, over the past few decades, is that there is a very short distance between ‘watching Biblical prophecies unfold’ and actively trying to fulfill them. We can look at America’s wars in the Middle East, our military support of Israel, the ongoing support for ethnically cleansing Gaza and the West Bank (now increasingly referred to as ‘Judea’ and ‘Samaria’ to bolster the case for total Jewish ownership), the acceptance of Israeli occupation of Syrian territory, and the drive to build a new Jewish temple as all actions supported by Dispensationalists in hopes of bringing about the Millennial Kingdom. These actions are especially dangerous given that the current government of Israel is controlled by Jewish Millennialists, who are themselves attempting to fulfill the conditions necessary for their own Messiah to show up.
According to Dispensationalists, when all prophecies have been fulfilled, the ‘Rapture’ will occur in which all the ‘saved’ Christians will be magically removed from the Earth. Then comes a time of ‘Great Tribulation’ in which the Antichrist emerges, upending the entire world, leading to the true Second Coming of Christ and the inauguration of the Millennial Kingdom based in Jerusalem. Complete, as it were, with a rebuilt Jewish Temple in which animal sacrifices will once again occur:
At the end of the Tribulation, Jesus Christ will return to earth in all His glory. He will establish His Kingdom and throne in Jerusalem and begin His thousand-year reign. A glorious Millennial Temple will be constructed, far surpassing the Temples built by Solomon, Zerubbabel, and Herod. Through the Prophet Ezekiel, the Lord said that this Temple will be “the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel forever” (Ezek. 43:7). The Lord will be there.
Ezekiel chapters 40 to 48 clearly state that sacrifices will be offered in this magnificent Temple—a multitude of sacrifices.
One is compelled to note that all of the actions being taken to bring about the ‘Rapture’, or the advent of the Jewish Messianic Kingdom from the Israeli standpoint, are also steps the Orthodox Church teaches are necessary to bring about the reign of the Antichrist.
Orthodox priest Fr. Boris Molchanoff explains:
‘According to the teaching of the holy Fathers, the Devil, raising up Antichrist, will strive to vest his advent with all the signs of the coming of the Son of God on earth . . . . As the Lord was pleased to reveal Himself to all men as the Messiah in His triumphal entry into Jerusalem and its temple, so also will the Antichrist reveal himself as the false messiah of the Jews, the monarch of the whole world, in the triumphal ceremony of his entrance into Jerusalem and his enthronement in the temple which, by that time, will have been restored’ (Antichrist, St. John of Kronstadt Press, Liberty, Tenn., p. 3). St. Ephraim the Syrian (+4th century) says that he will ‘valu[e] the Jewish people in particular’ (p. 5).
The initial phase of this plan [of the Antichrist to attain worldwide power] will be the achieving of popularity among the Jews. The Antichrist will put forth every effort to induce the Jews to acknowledge him as their promised messiah. He will be successful in establishing a Jewish realm and will undertake also the restoration of the Temple of Solomon, realizing a dream the Jews have cherished for thousands of years. Then, “compelled by the people, he shall be proclaimed king. And the Jewish people shall love him much, and he shall reach Jerusalem and raise up their Temple” (Lenten Triodion, loc. cit.) (Antichrist, p. 6).
There will, of course, be no ‘Rapture’ as it is a fantasy first dreamed up in the 19th Century. The Dispensationalists will be trapped in the Hell on Earth they helped create. Right along with the rest of us.
At this point, both flavors of millennialism are equally dangerous. Postmillennialism is still trying to build a perfect society through coercion, either step-by-step or by wrecking everything catastrophically to clear the way. Dispensationalists are trying violently to fulfill ‘Biblical’ prophecies to cause the ‘Rapture’ so that a chain of events is put in motion leading to the Millennial Kingdom.
Both types of Millennialism are heavily represented in the Trump Administration. Trump’s ambassador to Israel, Mike Huckabee, is a Dispensational Premillennialist. He is at the forefront of supporting Israeli ethnic cleansing and territorial expansion. Huckabee would be fully in support of a regional war in the Middle East, no matter how catastrophic for America, as he would see that as yet another step towards the ‘Rapture’. Huckabee is just one of many such Dispensationalist fanatics in the Trump administration.
On the Postmillennial side, many of Trump’s closest advisors are tech billionaires, such as Marc Andreessen and Elon Musk, who routinely gush over the perfectibility of society through technology. In Andreesen’s ‘The Techno-Optimist Manifesto’, we find the following predications for the future of mankind:
We believe this is the story of the material development of our civilization; this is why we are not still living in mud huts, eking out a meager survival and waiting for nature to kill us.
We believe this is why our descendants will live in the stars.
We believe that there is no material problem – whether created by nature or by technology – that cannot be solved with more technology.
Give us a real world problem, and we can invent technology that will solve it.
We believe that out of all of these people will come scientists, technologists, artists, and visionaries beyond our wildest dreams.
In technology we trust. We can solve any problem! The future will be perfect, just do what we billionaire advisors to Donald Trump tell you! By the way, we have ways of making you comply!
No way that kind of attitude can go badly, right?
Unfortunately, Trump speaks very much along the same lines with his boundless confidence in America’s future of world-leading technological development. According to Trump, we are entering a Golden Age that will even see us colonize the stars. Trump’s hubristic, Postmillennial rhetoric sets off more than a few alarm bells. Here is a part of Trump’s vision from his inauguration address:
Above all, my message to Americans today is that it is time for us to once again act with courage, vigor and the vitality of history’s greatest civilization. So, as we liberate our nation, we will lead it to new heights of victory and success. We will not be deterred. . . . The United States will once again consider itself a growing nation, one that increases our wealth, expands our territory, builds our cities, raises our expectations and carries our flag into new and beautiful horizons. And we will pursue our manifest destiny into the stars, launching American astronauts to plant the Stars and Stripes on the planet Mars.
An AI-produced vision of a Trumpian Utopia in what was once Gaza.
Conclusion: An Unacceptable Heresy
Millennialism, which many Americans imbibe with their mother’s milk, is the epitome of bad theology leading to bad outcomes. All versions of Millennialism are heresies that belong in the dustbin of history. According to Orthodox Christianity, as we affirm each time we recite the Nicene Creed, Christ’s Kingdom will not last a literal 1,000 years. Christ’s Kingdom will be eternal:
He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead and his kingdom will have no end.
According to the Orthodox Faith, Christ’s Return marks the end of this world and ushers in eternity. The 1,000 year reign referred to in Revelations, which Millennialists believe is still to come, is actually the age of the Church in which we are living in now. As explained by Fr. Michael Pomazansky:
If it was at one time possible to express chiliastic ideas as private opinions, this was only until the Ecumenical Church expressed its judgment about this. But when the Second Ecumenical Council (381), in condemning all the errors of the heretic Apollinarius, condemned also his teaching of the thousand-year reign of Christ and introduced into the very Symbol of Faith the words concerning Christ: And His Kingdom will have no end—it became no longer permissible at all for an Orthodox Christian to hold these opinions (One of the leading Fathers of the early Church who combated the heresy of chiliasm was Blessed Augustine; see his discussion of this in The City of God, 20, 7-9, pp. 718-728. He connects the “binding” of the devil for a thousand years (Apoc. 20:2) with the “binding” of the “strong man” in Mark 3:27 (see also John 12:31, the words of Christ just before His Passion: Now shall the prince of this world be cast out, and states that “the binding of the devil is his being prevented from the exercise of his whole power to seduce men.” Orthodox Christians who have experienced the life of grace in the Church can well understand what Protestants cannot: that the “thousand years” (the whole period) of Christ’s reign with His saints and the limited power of the devil is now.
This world is forever fallen and will never be made perfect. Human beings, as we are now, will also never be perfected. No matter how much technology Elon Musk implants in our brains, we humans will still suffer, age, and die. No society will ever build an Earthly utopia. All of our plans will always fall short of perfection. The world as we know it, with all its hardships and trials, will endure until Christ’s Second Coming puts an end to it. This understanding keeps men humble, governments limited, development plans reasonable, and our focus on God where it belongs. For the sake of all our souls and lives, it is time to repudiate and bury all forms Millennialism once and for all.
Obviously, Nickolas, this is your wheelhouse. Your historical context here is stellar. Of course, getting into the particulars, things quickly get into the weeds and at some point, it what’s the point?
My primary take away from this article is this: Americans are excessive compulsive regarding insisting on utopia, whether through millennialism (aka dispensationnalism), or “Constitutionalism” or Patriotism. Its all utopian driven, living in the future, never in the now moment.
“now, unto the ages of ages, amen!” Sound familiar? Nick, try this one on for size. I’m of the opinion now, that there are ages with beginnings and endings, one leading to another.One would have to admit, the Russian revolution was a “great reset of sorts” creating a new era (one hard to look back on). So,some of this is geographical, yet, in my opinion the whole industrial thing has about run its course, it was never sustainable.
Industrialization is a ponzi scheme leading to the transhumanism, AI, like the tower of Babel it just keeps getting higher until it topples.
The industrial complex–all of it– creates interchangeable parts, disposable products creating disposable people.
In your statement, “or the advent of the Jewish Messianic Kingdom from the Israeli standpoint, are also steps the Orthodox Church teaches are necessary to bring about the reign of the Antichrist”, you make me real nervous. I do not think the Church has any consensus in or outside the Ecumenical Councils regarding what constitutes what brings in the reign of AntiChrist. Better, here, to say such and such said this, rather than a “teaching of the Church”.
On the Antichrist, we need to examine what he (the son of perdition) will be. You may even have written this in one of your pieces. Antichrist will claim to be Christ. He is “in place” of Christ. We have somehow mistaken this to mean “opposed to” Christ. Well, Orthodox Theology will clearly state that a man working miracles and claiming to be ushering in the perfect Kingdom is lying his butt off. That is not what we expect based on our Theology of Christ’s Kingdom having no end. We expect Christ to split the Eastern sky in all His glory and every knee shall bow and every tongue confess. To be successful, the way of the Antichrist must be prepared for. Humans must be conditioned to expect a Messiah in this world that will bring about the Millennial Kingdom. Millennialism is the heresy that prepares the world for the coming of the Antichrist. Whether you believe you can bring about the fulfillment of prophecy (dispensationalism) or actually perfect the world (Progressivism), you are wittingly or unwittingly taking actions that prepare the way for the Antichrist.
We cannot bring Christ back. We cannot perfect the world. We cannot even perfect ourselves. One reason Nicholas picked on the U.S. is because we are the example par excellence of a nation that imbibes Millennialism of all varieties to the point we don’t even notice it. Millennialism is part of our cultural DNA at this point, leading to really bad things as we go around the world crusading for ‘perfection’.
The Russian Revolution was a Millennialist event, as Marxism turned Leninism (the practical application of Marxism) was heavily influenced by Jewish (Marx was Jewish) and Christian Millennialism. Not included in the article as a citation simply due to length:
If Millennialism can hand you the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, the founding of the modern state of Israel – then why doubt that it can hand you a system which the Antichrist can exploit?
As for industrialization, you are not wrong. Millennialism predates the industrial revolution. However, prior the industrialization the focus of Puritans and other Millennialists was on perfecting society via stamping out sin. Industrialization provided a new focus on science and material progress (materialism). That turned the spiritual descendants of the Puritans into Progressives who are looking for science and industry to deliver the world of Star Trek – no poverty, no one has to work (except if they want to), pure equality, no bad weather (all controlled), massive or eternal life expectancies, and no material wants (get it all from a replicator on demand). Prior to industrialization, the ‘Star Trek’ vision or the vision found in the Shape of Things to Come would have been unthinkable:
It is the boundless enthusiasm of industrialization that leads us to believe we can solve all problems, support a population of 50 billion, colonize Mars and beyond. It is really, at core, Scientism – the worship of materialist progress.
Is that sustainable? Absolutely not. If nothing else our concept of continuous economic growth is itself unsustainable. Our GDP “growth” is now largely smoke and mirrors and reveals that “growth” of itself does not make for a better life for most citizens. But, the idea of limitless growth (a Trumpian theme) plays very well into the system Antichrist that promises we can dry every tear and heal every wound through belief in the wonders of science and technology, only made possible through industrialization.
You asked what the point is? The heresy of Millennialism is driving our world towards a disastrous future. Often in ways that sincere Christians do not link together. Millennialism comes in different strains, and is both a “left wing” and a “right wing” phenomenon. What Americans especially believe to be Patriotism is often a flavor of Millennialism.
Maybe that future is inevitable as we stand watching the skies for the Return of Our Savior. But are we supposed to participate willingly in evil for any reason, even if we somehow think it might bring back Jesus? After Christ returns, repentance is impossible. For that reason alone, love for sinners, we should not wish the end of this age. Millennialism is a dangerous, dangerous heresy, and we Orthodox are likely to be the only ones with the clarity of vision to point that out. So shouldn’t we?
Hey! 🙂
I love this post.
However, with regard to what you have included from this point: “According to the Orthodox Faith, Christ’s Return marks the end of this world and ushers in eternity. The 1,000 year reign referred to in Revelations, which Millennialists believe is still to come, is actually the age of the Church in which we are living in now. As explained by Fr. Michael Pomazansky…”
I don’t think it is quite right to say definitively WHAT the Church teaches about this. I don’t think there is an OFFICIAL teaching. There may be a majority teaching in the present. Many of the church fathers *were* “Futurists”, i.e. they looked for the Antichrist and a period of tribulation to occur in the future. All of the Greek and Latin commentaries through the 8th centuries were for the most part futurist.
It was only after the 1204 Latin Crusades that some of the Greek Orthodox commentaries looked towards “fulfilled eschatology” primarily viewing the 2 beasts of Revelation as Islam (Mohammed) and the Papacy. There are now, purportedly, at least 20 commentaries after the fall of Constantinople that wrote from this perspective.
That seemed to die out after the Greek Asia Minor catastrophe and the 1917 Russian Revolution, a shift in mindset changed back to Futurist.
https://neohistoricism.net/2023/06/05/greek-orthodox-historicist-commentaries-on-the-book-of-revelation-the-post-byzantine-exegetical-movement-from-1453-ad-to-1922-ad/?fbclid=IwY2xjawER9f9leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHfjdBd5V1-8-WFJcuxQ47YJyTnRnxnHPYydAlufu_GqeoErtA4O_r3dXLA_aem_e9f5tukWLwZ66nP4luPk0w
See Nicene Creed: “His Kingdom shall have no end.” So we are expecting the Antichrist in the future (from our current perspective), but millennialism is officially condemned. That was not always the case, which is why some early fathers did believe in a 1,000 year kingdom. However, this is no longer possible after 381 AD and the Council of Constantinople. After that point, it is no longer acceptable to believe in a Kingdom of Christ on Earth that is not eternal.
This is one of a great series of articles on the topic of millennialism:
https://pravoslavie.ru/86556.html
That some people have taken a strict preterist position on Revelation doesn’t mean that this is an acceptable alternative. And clearly this interpretation was limited to a narrow geographical area and only a few centuries. Skimming through it, none of the writers mentioned are saints (although I will read the article fully later).
Biblical prophecy usually has multiple referents. We can’t say that Revelation only means one thing. That’s true for most of the prophecy in the Bible. There are archetypes that echo back to one another and reflect spiritual realities.
For example, Daniel 11 very specifically refers to Antiochus Ephiphanes. And yet Jesus uses it to refer to a future event. Matthew and Mark comment, “let the reader understand,” because it was obvious to the contemporary reader that Jesus was using the passage in an unexpected way.
Keep in mind, the primary focus of the article was against Millennialism, which is absolutely unacceptable. Most sources of Orthodox teaching on the subject of eschatology appear to agree that the Antichrist will claim to be Christ (something Millennialism prepares the masses for) and the consensus appears to be he will rule from Jerusalem (something else Millennialism prepares the world to accept). Anyone is free to submit an article on Eschatology (and some have, and been published) as long as it is within the bounds of Orthodox understanding (as approved by the priests that consult on this site). There is room for respectful disagreement on issues that have not been dogmatized.
Was I disrespectful?
“Allen demonstrates that these ideas were being expressed inside the monasteries of Mt. Athos just a century after the 1204 sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. That moment in history with the destruction and pillaging of the beloved City, perhaps was viewed as an apocalyptic event by the Byzantines and resulted in numerous prophecies in the Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition foretelling the City’s eventual fall (and future restoration).”
The Fathers taught that “the man who restrains” in 2 Thessalonians is the Roman Emperor. Most notably for us is Chrysostom, but Jerome also interpreted it this way and said that you can know the world is ending because the barbarians are ransacking the empire.
In 1204, Russia was a blip on the map. In 1453 it was an outer kingdom. Even within Russia it was a long time after 1453 that they would take on the Third Rome narrative in their popular self-image (although obviously there was precedent).
So of course in 1204 and 1453 the Greeks thought that the world was ending. Western Rome fell to the barbarians and became heretical. Now Eastern Rome fell to the Mohammedans. The Greek bishops kept apostatizing to Uniatism. The West was have an unprecedented social catastrophe in the Protestant Reformtion, which was every bit as revolutionary and destructive as the Bolshevik Revolution. Looking around, there was no one to restrain evil anymore.
Similarly, the Old Belivers schism was eschatological. First it was using books printed in Venice by Catholics and under the influence of Uniate Western Russia. Then soon came the changes in music and icons (see my article that you all hated), and then Tsar Peter the Bad effectively banned monasticism and publicly ridiculed the Church in neo-pagan parades. And from there every bishop was appointed by the government, which was heavily influenced by the Enlightenment in the 1700s. It looks like the world was ending and the Church had been destroyed.